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I/GCSE Chemsitry - Electrolysis

Unit 5 - Electricity and chemistry

· chemistry,electrolysis,IGCSE,electrochemistry
  • Let revisit some basic ideas about electrolysis in GCSE Chemistry unit 5
  • Electrolysis is the process of passing direct current through a solution 
  • compounds are then broken down and discharged some of the elements at the electrode

    Electrolysis

    Definition:

    • ionic substances are decomposed into simpler substances when an electric current is passed through them.

    Keywords:

    1. anode: attracts negative ions(anions)
    2. cathode: attracts positive ions(cations)
    3. electrolyte: Ionic compounds that are in a molten state, provides mobile ions 
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    Mechanism:

    • dc current is on to promote ions/electrons flow
    • Positive charged ions(cations) move towards cathode
    • Negative charged ions(anions) move towards anode

    Half equations:

    • Oxidation occurs at anode (An-ox)
    • Reduction occurs at cathode (Red-cat)
    • e.g. Balanced-equation: 2Al2O3(aq) --> 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
    • Reduction half-equation: Al3+ + 3e- --> Al   (Cathode)
    • Oxidation half-equation: 2O2- --> O2 + 4e-   (Anode)

    Remarks:

    **Cations are usually non-metal ions (e.g. O2-,Cl-,OH-…)

    **Anions are usually metal ions (Na+,Al3+,H+…)

    Reactivity series:

    • In GCSE Chemistry, reactivity series is mentioned in unit 2.1
    • determines which species in solution is oxidized/reduced first
    • Halides ions (Cl-,Br-,I-,F-) > OH-
    • More reactive metals (K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+…Pb2+) > H+ > Less reactive metals (Cu2+,Ag+,Au+, Pt+)
    • if OH- is discharged --> O2 (g) forms
    • if H+ is discharged --> H2 (g) forms
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    Method of extraction - Electrolysis

    • suitable for reactive metals which CANNOT be extracted by carbon reduction  (Usually at top of the reactivity series)
    • large amount of energy is use, thus these metals can be expensive

    Example: Extraction of aluminum

    • Ores: bauxite
    • purified bauxite is mixed with cryolite --> melt in steel electrolysis cell
    • electrodes: carbon-lined cathode + suspended carbon anodes

    Mechanism

    • positive aluminum ions migrate towards cathode and discharged to form molten metal
    • negative oxide ions migrate towards anode , O2 (g) produced
    • suspended carbon anodes react with oxygen, CO2 (g) produced
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    Image Reference:

    • Electrolysis - Definition, Process, Applications - https://byjus.com/jee/electrolysis/
    • Reactivity series - https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/chemistry/the-periodic-table/metal-reactivity-series/ 

    Drafted by Yoyo (Chemistry)

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