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HKDSE Biology - Aerobic respiration 

Compulsory Part I Cells and Molecules of Life

· HKDSE,Biology,Respiration,Glycolysis,Aerobic respiration
  • Understand the significance of respiration. 
  • State the role of ATP in energy transfer. 
  • Outline the major steps of glycolysis and aerobic pathways.
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Respiration 🏃🏻‍♀️ 🏃🏻

  • The conversion of oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water and energy - ATP.
Illustration on the process of respiration

👆🏻This photo showing the process of respiration.

Significance of respiration 🏃🏻‍♀️ 🏃🏻

  • The transformation of energy stored in food into energy used in metabolism which sustains the organism's life.
  • Provision of CO2 for plant's photosynthesis.

Here are the steps for aerobic respiration 👇🏻

Aerobic respiration ➡️Respiration that oxygen is consumed to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Glycolysis 

Illustration on glycolysis

👆🏻This photo showing the steps in glycolysis 

1. Energy requirement steps

  • Glucose turns into glucose-6-phosphate due to the transfer of phosphate group from ATP.
  • Glucose-6-phosphate turns into fructose-6-phosphate ➡️an isomer of glucose-6-phosphate.
  • Fructose-6-phosphate turns into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate due to the transfer of phosphate group from ATP.
  • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splitting into two three-carbon sugars which are dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
  • DHAP turns into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

2. Energy releasing steps

  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidized and NAD+ reduced to NADH and H+ leads to the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate turns into 3-phosphoglycerate with the donation of a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP.
  • 3-phosphoglycerate turns into 2-phosphoglycerate ➡️an isomer of 3-phosphoglycerate.
  • 2-phosphoglycerate turns into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through losing water.
  • PEP turns into pyruvate with the donation of a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP.

Don't have to be panic ❗️ ❕ There are only two steps you have to remember in HKDSE Biology examination.

Simple version of glycolysis

👆🏻This photo showing the simple version of glycolysis.

  • Breakdown of glucose to 3-C compound (triose phosphate).

  • Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate.

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

👆🏻This photo showing the steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

  • Pyruvate turns into acetyl-CoA through the removal of carboxyl group to release CO2, reduction of NAD+ to NADH and transfer of acetyl group to conenzyme A.

Krebs cycle

Illustration on Krebs cycle

👆🏻This photo showing the steps in krebs cycle.

  • Acetyl CoA turns into a six-carbon molecule (citrate) through joining a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate).
  • Six-carbon molecules (citrate) turns into isocitrate ➡️an isomer of citrate.
  • Isocitrate turns into a five-carbon molecule (α-ketoglutarate) through oxidation of isocitrate releasing CO2 and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • Five-carbon molecule (α-ketoglutarate) turns into succinyl CoA through oxidation of α -ketoglutarate releasing CO2 and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • Succinyl CoA turns into succinate due to the replacement of CoA with a phosphate group and further used to turn ADP to ATP.
  • Succinate turns into a four-carbon molecule (fumarate) that FAD converted to FADH2 
  • Four-carbon molecule (fumarate) turns into another four-carbon molecule (malate).
  • Regeneration of four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) via the oxidation of four-carbon molecule (malate) and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Don't have to be panic ❗️ ❕ There are only two steps you have to remember in HKDSE Biology examination.

The simple version of Krebs cycle

👆🏻This photo showing the simple version of Krebs cycle.

  • Combination of acetyl-CoA with a 4-C compound to form a 6-C compound.

  • Regeneration of 4-C compound with the release of carbon dioxide.

Oxidative phosphorylation 

illustration of oxidative phosphorylation

👆🏻This photo showing the process of oxidation phosphorylation.

  • Producing ATP through the electrons transfer from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers
  • NADH converts to 3 ATP
  • FADH2 converts to 2 ATP

That's the end of this topic 👏🏻

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Written by Bella | HKDSE Biology Specialist @ TUTTEE

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References 

  1. Beck, K. (2019, November 22). Importance of Respiration. Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/importance-respiration-5390615.html.
  2. Khan Academy. Glycolysis | Cellular respiration | Biology (article). Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis.
  3. Khan Academy. The citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration (article). Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/pyruvate-oxidation-and-the-citric-acid-cycle/a/the-citric-acid-cycle.
  4. Khan Academy. Oxidative phosphorylation | Biology (article). Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/oxidative-phosphorylation/a/oxidative-phosphorylation-etc.
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