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Allotropes
- Same things in different forms of carbon
- Graphite, charcoal, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon.
Diamond
![broken image](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/4936730/801803_633080.png)
- 4 Covalent Bonds - Carbon has 4 electrons in the outer shell so makes 4 covalent bonds.
- Rigid structure - This makes diamond hard.
- High melting point - Covalent bonds are strong so it takes a lot of energy to break them.
- Won't conduct electricity - There are no free electrons or ions.
Graphite
![broken image](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/4936730/770304_629543.png)
- Strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Weak intermolecular forces between the layers.
- 3 covalent bonds - 3 of 4 electrons are used in the covalent bond, the fourth one is delocalized (moving freely) so conducts electricity.
- High melting point - Lots of energy needed to break the strong bonds.
- Conducts electricity - The delocalized electron conducts electricity.
- Layers held by weak forces - The layers slide over each other so it is slippery and can be used as a lubricant
Graphene
- A single layer of graphite.
- 1 atom thick - Makes it 2-dimensional atoms.
- Strong - Due to the strong covalent bonds.
- Light - Can be used to add strength without adding weight.
- Conducts electricity - Like graphite, it contains delocalized electrons so can conduct electricity through the whole structure. This means it has the potential to be used in electronics.
Fullerenes
- Fullerenes are hollow molecules of carbon, shaped like tubes or balls.
- They're mainly made up of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons but can also contain pentagons (rings of five carbon atoms) or heptagons (rings of seven carbon atoms).
Buckminsterfullerene
![broken image](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/4936730/176626_116781.gif)
It's got the molecular formula C60 forms a hollow sphere (cage-like shape) containing 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.
Nanotubes
- Tiny carbon cylinders.
- The ratio between the length and diameter is very high.
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
Written by Bryant Wong (Chemistry)
Photo reference
- Wikipedia, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulleren