In I/GCSE Chemistry, we will learn about how to avoid hazardous chemicals.
Avoiding hazardous chemicals
Need to replace toxic reactant with safer alternatives.
In I/GCSE Chemistry, Copper catalyst means that process runs under milder conditions = save energy + costs.
Energy efficiency
Heat energy is used for: 1) drying 2) reactions 3) process waste 4) separate + purify
In I/GCSE Chemistry, to prevent energy loss, must: Install efficient insulation in pipes + stop steam from escaping leaking valves
Exothermic reactions release energy which is used to make steam to generate electricity = NO BILLS for extra energy
Catalyst
In I/GCSE Chemistry, catalysts speed up CR’s for the DESIRED product NOT the unwanted product.
PROs of catalysts
- Reduces waste
- Lower temp. required --> good for environment
- Saves energy
Need to find ways to lower energy demand.
Biocatalyst – enzymes produced by microorganisms
- Operates within limited temp. + pH range --> any higher = denatured
Petrochemical route has more steps = more energy + money spent
Heat exchangers have two materials flowing in opposite directions. The hot material is cooled by the colder one.
Recycling
Install distillation units to separate desired chemicals from waste gases. This will reduce waste.
In I/GCSE Chemistry, Convert old polymer to monomer--> re-polymerise pure monomer --> fresh feedstock --> new polymer.
Use by-products to make another product.
Need to remove harmful chemicals from air / water / landfills.
Closed loop – use waste material to manufacture the same product + there is no loss in quality
Open loop – waste is recovered to manufacture lower quality product
- Not as good value but cuts down on the amount of fresh feedstock required
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