·
In I/GCSE Biology, this topic is commonly asked in exam!
Antibiotic Production
In I/GCSE Biology, make sure you know what penicillin is!
Penicillin
- In 1928 Alexander Fleming left some culturing bacteria on an open window there were clear spots of agar that had stopped the bacteria from growing.
- Fleming found that the microorganism that had invaded the Petri dish was a common mould called Penicillium Notatum.
He extracted a tiny amount and treated a wound with it.
It was difficult to extract and would not be able to harvest enough for it to be useful.
- During the Second World War Howard Florey and Ernst Chain tried desperately to find an antibacterial drug.
- They turned to Flemings mould and trialed it to see that it worked.
- It was successful but they could not harvest enough of it for it to be useful.
- After a mould growing on a melon was found to yield 200 times more penicillin than Flemings mould, they found it grew easily in deep tanks.
- By 1945, they were producing enough to treat 7 million people a year.
After knowing this, it's important to know what modern penicillin production is !
Modern Penicillin Production
- Nowadays, we grow the mould in a sterilized medium.
- The medium is ‘Corn Steep Liquor’, which contains sugars, amino acids, mineral salts and other nutrients.
- We use huge 10 000 litre Fermenters which have strong paddles to stir the broth.
- The penicillin mould needs lots of Oxygen to survive.
- All the nutrients have to be used up before the mould stars to make penicillin.
- This means a lag period at the start of production when the mould use up the nutrients.
Biogas
Biogas is a flammable mixture of gases formed when bacteria break down plant material or the waste products of animals in aerobic conditions.
It is mainly Methane but the composition varies, because it depends on what is put into the generator and which bacteria are present.
Biogas Generators
- Millions of tones of faeces and urine are made by animals like cows, sheep, pigs and humans. Also, in many places, plant material grows very rapidly.
- Both the plant material and the animal waste contain carbohydrates.
- They make up a potentially huge energy resource.
- The bacteria in biogas production work best at about 30 degrees
- Celsius. This means biogas generators work best in hot countries.
- However the process generates heat (The reactions are Exothermic).
- This means that if the biogas generators are provided with heat to start with, and are well insulated, they can work anywhere.
- You can also use the waste from the generators as a fertiliser. What you put into a small generator has a big effect on what comes out. Many different organisms are involved ub the breakdown of material in biogas production.
References:
- "92 Penicillium Notatum Stock Photos", https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/mandarin-with-mold-fungi-penicillium-which-cause-food-spoilage-picture-id1093949914?k=6&m=1093949914&s=612x612&w=0&h=ZR_wSvJsvpItKXtf9tB--X0vSOmTp04wgUpHQWveJBc=
- "What contributions did Alexander Fleming do?", https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-a8c2dc44228a4bfcbec9ca6c0c98952e
- "Medical Milestones", https://www.dmacdigest.com/images/web%20images/Medical_milestone/Fleming-Chain-Florey-550w.jpg
- "17.15 Penicillin and other pharmaceuticals". Photo from the internet.
- "Active Corn Steep Liquor (CSL)". Photo from the internet.
- "Electricity Generation from Biogas", https://energypedia.info/images/e/eb/Biogas_plant_used_for_power_generation.png
- "Build Your Own Biogas Generator", https://media.heifer.org/Blog/migration/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/biogas-diagram-990x1024.jpg