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1.40 Explain, using dot and cross diagrams, the formation of covalent compounds by electron sharing for the following:
i) Hydrogen
ii) Chlorine
iii) Hydrogen Chloride
iv) Water
v) Methane
vi) Ammonia
vii) Oxygen
viii) Nitrogen
ix) Carbon Dioxide
x) Ethane
xi) Ethene
![#TimeToStart! #TimeToStart!](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/giphy_ynb8b8.gif)
Part I- Hydrogen
A hydrogen atom has an electronic arrangement of 1. It needs 1 more atom to have the electronic arrangement of noble gases. When each hydrogen atom shares its electron with another hydrogen atom, it can achieve the electronic arrangement of noble gases.
![Covalent Bonding of hydrogen, tuttee Covalent Bonding of hydrogen, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/11ba1955469e9a12e93e1b08d1ac2c5fdaaa7b46_1_ntz0cv.gif)
🧐The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nuclei of both atoms resulting in a covalent bond that holds the 2 atoms together.
Part II- Chlorine
A chlorine atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,8,7. Each chlorine can obtain the electronic arrangement of noble gases by sharing one of its outermost shell electrons with another chlorine atom.
![Covalent Bonding of chlorine, tuttee Covalent Bonding of chlorine, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/8020a6ed0a536dbea47ca154ed932b6392ffb72f_ryj99x.gif)
🧐In the chlorine molecule, each chlorine has three lone pair electrons
Part III- Hydrogen Chloride
A chlorine atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,8,7 while a hydrogen atom has an electronic arrangement of 1.
![Covalent Bonding of hydrogen chloride, tuttee Covalent Bonding of hydrogen chloride, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/diag_hyd_chloride_i1s1mn.gif)
🧐One hydrogen atom forms a single covalent bond with one chlorine atom resulting in a hydrogen chloride molecule
Part IV- Water
An oxygen atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,6. One oxygen atom forms a single covalent bond with each of two hydrogen atoms resulting in a water molecule.
![Covalent Bonding of water, tuttee Covalent Bonding of water, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/bdd7c0044c8cb249325cabd9eb190b204dcad6c6_rhabmy.gif)
🧐A water molecule has two bond pairs and two lone pairs
Part V- Methane
Hydrogen atoms can each form one covalent bond, while carbon atoms can each form four covalent bonds.
![Covalent Bonding of methane, tuttee Covalent Bonding of methane, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/758431753b7324e5e0d633830acf71db965358d0_pnre5v.gif)
🧐In a methane molecule, 4 pairs of electrons are shared
Part VI- Ammonia
A nitrogen atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,5. One nitrogen atom forms a single covalent bond with each of the 3 hydrogen atoms.
![Covalent Bonding of ammonia, tuttee Covalent Bonding of ammonia, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/b44b723c3e8c7d95fb927ac1bf56269c3c8bc454_uhdh11.gif)
🧐The nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule has three bond pairs and one lone pair
Part VII- Oxygen
Each oxygen atom shares two of its electrons with another oxygen atom.
![Covalent Bonding of oxygen, tuttee Covalent Bonding of oxygen, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/252145/Oxygen_double_bond_e95sqv.png)
🧐Oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons thus the bond between them is called a double bond
Part VIII- Nitrogen
Each nitrogen atom shares three of its electrons with another nitrogen atom.
![Covalent Bonding of nitrogen, tuttee Covalent Bonding of nitrogen, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/252145/dd3f3f61-5ba7-4e40-99f8-c574e84a451c_dwseux.png)
🧐Nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons thus the bond between them is called a triple bond
Part IX- Carbon Dioxide
A carbon atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,4.
![Covalent Bonding of carbon dioxide, tuttee Covalent Bonding of carbon dioxide, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/559ecdf85308c2ed04900fae1409198fad23b519_tbqmxk.gif)
🧐One carbon atom forms two double bonds with each of the two oxygen atoms resulting in a carbon dioxide molecule
Part X-Ethane
![Covalent Bonding of ethane, tuttee Covalent Bonding of ethane, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/252145/download_uqimxd.jpg)
🧐 6 hydrogen atoms each share their electron with one of the 2 carbon atoms. The carbon atoms share their remaining electrons with each other in a single covalent bond resulting in Ethane molecule
Part XI- Ethene
![Covalent Bonding of ethene, tuttee Covalent Bonding of ethene, tuttee](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/252145/a4f1a5ce-54e3-4117-8305-c8fc388d5554_n0juwa.png)
🧐4 hydrogen atoms share their electron with one of the 2 carbon atoms. The two carbon atoms share their last two electrons with each other resulting in Ethene molecule
![#done #done](http://custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200,f_auto,q_60/252145/giphy_wtc7mq.gif)
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