😎😬Let's view the practical Techniques in Organic Chemistry in A-Level Chemistry!
Distillation
Separates a pure liquid from its impurities
A simple distillation is used if the components have widely different boiling points (greater than a 100 °C difference in boiling points). However, if a simple distillation is attempted on a mixture where the components have more similar boiling points (less than a 100 °C difference in boiling points), it will fail to purify the mixture completely.
Quickfit apparatus
Common Quickfit components include (1) Pear shaped flask, 50 ml (2) Stillhead (3) Liebig condenser (4) Screwcap adapter (5) Receiver adapter (6) Thermometer (7) Dropping funnel, 50 ml, with Rotaflo tap (8) Stopper (9) Air leak // steam inlet tube (10) Round bottom flask, 25 ml (11) Air condenser / drying tube (12) Sintered glass funnel (13) Drying tube (14) Pear shaped flask, 50 ml, with angled side neck (15) Air leak / steam inlet tube (16) Adapter with 'T' connection (17) Screwcap adapter
Heaing Under Reflux
Prepares organic liquid without boiling off the solvent. A water bath can be used if the reaction needs to occur under 100 degrees.
Anti-bumping granules are used so the contents will boil smoothly. Never put a stopper in the top of the condenser or pressure may build up in the closed system.
Purifying Organic Products - Solvent extraction and reaction with carbonates
In some products water may be obtained as well. If this happens you will see two liquid layers inside your collection flask.
Procedures:
Add some water to your mixture. Ensure tap of separating funnel is closed. Pour mixture into separating funnel. Allow layers to settle. Place conical flask underneath the funnel. Remove the stopper and open tap until bottom layer has left the funnel. Place a second flask under the funnel and collect the other layer.
If the product contains acid it can be removed by adding aqueous sodium carbonate to the funnel. Shake gently, opening the tap to release CO2 gas. The aqueous sodium carbonate layer is removed, and the organic layer washed with water and dried.
Drying the Organic Product
Anhydrous calcium chloride- drying hydrocarbons
Anhydrous calcium sulphate – general drying
Anhydrous magnesium sulfate –general drying
Solid is added until it stops forming lumps and is dispersed in the liquid as a fine powder
Redistillation
Only the product with the boiling point of the compound you are trying to make is distilled out to remove impurities trying to make is distilled out to remove impurities (done usually when you know the boiling point of your target)
(done usually when you know the boiling point of your target)
Drafted by Eunice (Chemistry)
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickfit_apparatus
https://quizlet.com/gb/483331975/organic-practical-techniques-423-625-flash-cards/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/04%3A_Extraction/4.02%3A_Overview_of_Extraction