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A2/A-level Biology - Muscle Movement (1)

Neuromuscular Junctions

· Synovial joint,Acetylcholine,Antagonistic pairs,Motor neurons,A-level Biology

Muscles and Joints

  • Muscles can work in antagonistic pairs.
  • In order for smooth movement at a muscular junction, such as the elbow, two muscles must be involved.
  • A muscle can only produce a force when it contracts, so if there are two muscles, the bone at the joint can only move smoothly if one muscle contracts, and the other relaxes.
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Synovial Joint

  • The elbow joint is an example of a synovial joint where a lot of movement occurs.
  • These muscles do operate as an antagonistic pair, and although they cannot actively contract, they re-extend when pulled by the opposite antagonistic muscle. 
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  • Synovial joints produce synovial fluid (from the synovial membrane) which acts as a lubricant for the joint.
  • This is there to ease the movement of the bones at the joint.
  • At the terminus of each bone, there is cartilage which has the purpose of reducing friction due to movement of the bones.
  • The protective ligament casing keeps the bones together when they move.

Neuromuscular Junctions  

  • Muscle action is controlled by the nervous system.
  • There are motor neurons connected to muscles cells over a junction called a neuromuscular junction.  
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  • A nerve impulse which arrives at the neuromuscular junction is transmitted across the gap via a method very similar to that of the cholinergic synapse and a small chain of events eventually stimulates a contraction of the muscle:
  1. - An electrical impulse arrives at the terminus of the motor neurone, where there are vesicles containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
    - The action potential triggers the vesicles to move the neurone membrane and fuse, releasing the chemical across the neuromuscular cleft.
     
  2. - The acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fibre membrane, which triggers a depolarisation in the membrane.
     
  3. - The wave of depolarisation travels along the muscular membrane, until it reaches a tubule of the T-system, called a T-tubule, a deep cleft in the sarcolemma (muscle fibre membrane).
     
  4. - The depolarisation in the T-system sends out a message causing sarcoplasmic reticulum (a specialised form of endoplasmic reticulum found only in muscle fibres) to release calcium ions (Ca2+) from its vast stores.
     
  5. - The calcium moves towards proteins embedded in the muscle, and binds to those proteins, causing a contraction.
     
  6. - Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine into choline and ethanoic acid, so that the neuromuscular junction is not constantly activated, but is only active when a new impulse arrives at the junction.

When it comes to A2/A-level Biology, can you recognize the differences and similarities between the neuromuscular junction and the synapse?

Similarities

  • Both use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter (provided the synapse in question is the cholinergic synapse).
  • The enzyme acetylcholinesterase is involved in both for breaking down acetylcholine to maintain a concentration gradient and prevent constant impulses being transmitted.
  • Both are triggered by the arrival of an action potential on the pre-synaptic/motor neurone membrane.

Differences

  • T-tubules carry the electrical signal quickly into the inside of the muscle cell, whereas at a synaptic junction the message is passed on by the movement of sodium ions.
  • The neuromuscular junction is only ever excitatory,whereas synapses can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
  • The synapse sends a message from neurone-to-neurone, whereas the neuromuscular junction transmits a signal from neurone-to-muscle.

In part 2, you will know more about muscles.

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Drafted by Bonnie (Biology)

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