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I/GCSE Biology Chapter Analysis - Chapter 2: Structure and Function of Living Organisms - Transport (Part 2)

I/GCSE Biology Question Analysis

· Transport systems,IGCSE Biology,human body

I/GCSE Biology Chapter Analysis - Chapter 2: Structure and Function of Living Organisms - Transport (Part 2)

This time, let's explore the IGCSE Biology Chapter 2 sub-topic on gas exchange in the system of a human body.

Composition of Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid that circulates throughout the body, transporting essential substances and performing various functions. Blood is composed of several key components:

  1. Plasma: The liquid portion of blood, which is primarily water.
  2. Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Responsible for the transport of oxygen.
  3. White blood cells (leukocytes): Involved in the immune response to fight off pathogens.
  4. Platelets (thrombocytes): Responsible for blood clotting.

Role of Plasma in Transport:
The plasma component of blood plays a crucial role in the transport of various substances:

  1. Carbon dioxide: Plasma transports carbon dioxide from the body's tissues to the lungs, where it can be expelled.
  2. Digested food: Plasma transports digested nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids, from the digestive system to the cells that need them.
  3. Urea: Plasma transports the waste product urea, which is filtered out by the kidneys and then excreted from the body.
  4. Hormones: Plasma transports hormones produced by endocrine glands to their target tissues.
  5. Heat energy: Plasma helps distribute heat energy throughout the body, regulating body temperature.

Adaptations of Red Blood Cells:
Red blood cells are highly specialized for the efficient transport of oxygen. They have several adaptations that make them well-suited for this task:

  1. Biconcave shape: The unique shape of red blood cells increases their surface area-to-volume ratio, facilitating the exchange of gases.
  2. Absence of a nucleus: Red blood cells lack a nucleus, which allows them to be more flexible and squeeze through narrow blood vessels.
  3. Presence of hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, allowing for its efficient transport.

Immune System Response to Disease:
The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogens and disease. White blood cells are the key players in the immune response:

  1. Phagocytes: These white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, effectively eliminating them.
  2. Lymphocytes: These white blood cells, specifically B cells and T cells, recognize specific pathogens and release antibodies that bind to the pathogens, marking them for destruction.

Vaccination and Memory Cells:
Vaccination is a process that introduces a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen into the body. This triggers the immune system to produce antibodies specific to that pathogen, as well as memory cells. Memory cells are a type of lymphocyte that "remember" the specific pathogen, allowing the immune system to mount a faster and more effective response if exposed to the same pathogen in the future.

Understanding the composition of blood, the role of plasma in transport, the adaptations of red blood cells, the immune system's response to disease, and the mechanism of vaccination are all crucial concepts in the IGCSE Biology curriculum. These topics provide a comprehensive understanding of the transport and defense systems that are essential for maintaining the health and well-being of living organisms.

Work hard for your I/GCSE Biology examination!

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