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IBDP Biology: Measuring Biodiversity --- Part 2

Deforestation, Impact on the environment, Ecological Impact of Farming

· biology,IB biology,IBDP BIOLOGY,ib,Biodiversity

In this topic of IBDP Biology, we will learn about Measuring Biodiversity (Part 2).

Deforestation

  • Forests are the natural climax communities.
  • They have high diversity, with complex food webs.
    • High temperatures
    • Frequent rain
    • No frosts or drought
    • Great ecosystem diversity
    • Great species diversity
    • Very high SDI
  • Tropical rain forests have been estimated to contain 50% of the world’s standing timber.
  • Cover less than 10% of the Earth’s surface.
  • Contain half of the Earth’s species.
  • When it comes to IBDP Biology,  growth in the human population is increasing demand for land for farming.
  • Humans have been clearing areas of forest for thousands of years.
  • Large areas of Europe, Asia and North America.
  • Recent and present deforestation affects manly tropical rain forests.

Impact on the environment

  • Deforestation causes local extinction of species of trees.
  • Removes the bases of many food webs.
  • Removes the habitats of many other species
  • Causes local extinction of other populations, or reduction in their size.
  • Reduces the number of species present and numbers of individuals present.
  • Reduces biodiversity.
  • Leads to a lower biomass and productivity per hectare.
  • Reducing the diversity produces a less stable and more extreme environment, where abiotic factors also become more extreme.

Ecological Impact of Farming

  • Monoculture - large uninterrupted fields of one crop.
  • It increases the productivity of farmland:
    • Only the best variety of crop is grown.
    • This allows more than one crop per year.
  • When it comes to IBDP Biology,  sowing and harvesting of the crop is simplified.
    • Reduces labour costs.
  • Monoculture reduces biodiversity:
    • It reduces genetic diversity:
      • Limited range of alleles.
      • This renders all crops in a region susceptible changing environmental factors.
    • It reduces ecosystem diversity:
      • Very few habitats exist.
    • It reduces species diversity:
      • Carrying capacity dominated by one species.
      • Food webs are very simple, being dominated by the crop.
      • Few species have the adaptations to survive.
      • This allows a pest species to get out of control
  • Fertilisers are required to maintain soil fertility:
    • This can pollute surrounding groundwater due to leaching.
    • This reduces species diversity in rivers and lakes.
  • Pesticides are required to keep crops healthy:
    • Wild plants decline due to lack of pollinating insects.

Sustainability

  • Humans need to make balanced judgments between 2 needs:
    • The demands for increased food production.
    • The need to conserve the environment.
  • The environment is a resource for all.
  • When it comes to IBDP Biology,  the effects of human impact tend to be long term and far reaching.
  • For example soil erosion will reduce the amount of land available for farming.
  • It takes many years for soil to be replenished.
  • Sustainable farming takes into account all of the possible remedies mentioned above.
  • It tries to ensure, that, wherever possible, a wide range of habitats are preserved:
    • Manage fast growing tree plantations
    • Crop rotation
    • Replant hedgerows.
    • Use less inorganic fertilisers.
    • Use biological control instead of chemical pesticides.

That's the end of this topic.

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