Do you remember the content of I/GCSE Chemistry regarding hydrogen bonds? 👩‍🏫

Solid

• The particles are very close together

• The particles vibrate but have fixed positions

• The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction

• Solids have a definite shape and volume and are hard to compress.

Change of state

• The particles of solid are heated and vibrate more.
• The vibration of the particles overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles, enabling them to move more freely.
• The particles of the liquid are heated and move more quickly.
• The movement of liquid particles overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles.
• The particles in the gas move faster.

Water's State

• As water is boiled, kinetic energy causes the hydrogen bonds to break completely and allows water molecules to escape into the air as gas (steam or water vapor).
• When water freezes, water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen bonding.
• Solid water, or ice, is less dense than liquid water.
• Ice is less dense than water because the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density.
• For other liquids, solidification when the temperature drops includes the lowering of kinetic energy, which allows molecules to pack more tightly and makes the solid denser than its liquid form.
• Because ice is less dense than water, it is able to float at the surface of water.

References:

https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/different-states-matter-solid-liquid-gas-vector-diagram_3402198.htm

https://getrevising.co.uk/resources/solid_liquid_and_gas_gcse_chemistry

This is the end of the topic!

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