In this section of AS/A-level Chemistry, we will discuss acids and bases. The aim of this blog is to give you a preview of this topic.

• PROTON DONORS
• release H⁺ ions when dissolved in aqueous solutions

1. Monoprotic Acid: Donates one proton to a base (HCl, HNO₃, CH₃COOH)
2. Diprotic Acid: Donates two protons to bases (H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻)
3. Triprotic Acid: Donates three protons to bases (H₃PO₄ → 3H⁺ + PO₄³⁻)

• PROTON ACCEPTORS
• Any substance that will neutralise an acid to form water

• Release OH⁻ ions in aqueous solutions

1.  Alkalis:  ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER
2. Non-soluble bases: ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER
3. Carbonates: ACID + CARBONATE→ SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

• Acids whose protons have been replaces by metal or ammonium ions
• Exists in two forms: Anhydrous and Hydrated

• Water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound

That's all~

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