Covalent Bonding🤝
A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms are sharing pairs of electrons. These shared electrons are usually found in the outer shell.
Covalently bonded substances can be:
- Small molecule e.g water
- Large molecules e.g polymers
- Giant covalent structures e.g diamond
The atoms in molecules are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive nuclei and the negative electrons in the bonded atoms.
In I/GCSE Chemistry, you have to know how simple molecules and giant covalent structures are formed by covalent bonding💪💪
Giant covalent structures have the following features:
- high melting and boiling points😶🌫️
- they can conduct electricity⚡️
- insoluable in water💦
Diamond
- each carbon atoms is joined to four other carbon atoms with covalent bonding
- the carbon atoms form a tetrahedral network structure
- there are no free electrons
- it can be used as a cutting tool
Graphite
- each carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms
- form a hexagonal layered network structure
- weak forces of attraction and can slide over each other
- each carbon atom has one unbonded delocalized electron
- useful in electrodes in batteries and electrolysis
- can be used as a lubricant
Graphene
- high melting point
- strong because of its large arrangement of carbon atoms
- conducts electricity
Fullerenes
- A molecular form of carbon. Examples include: nanotubes and bucky balls
Polymers
- Simple polymers consist of large molecules that contain chains of carbon atoms of no set size
References: http://www.tutormyself.com/wp-content/uploads/diamond-300x188.jpg
https://o.quizlet.com/r.-rV1lonpIpTDXqT9vpwA.jpg
https://assets.ysjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image-result-for-graphene-structure.jpeg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/C60a.png
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2kSjb1n16Xn_hxzWm1zXtWmzO91yPYPDyadxU-66UOKKGrUIS8WisOhTFR1KN8joPtt8&usqp=CAU
Drafted by Catrina (Chemistry)